Kwanan nan, na ci abincin dare da wani tsohon abokin ajina wanda ke aiki a wata cibiyar bincike kan kayan sararin samaniya. Mun yi magana game da sabbin ayyukan da suka yi, kuma ya gaya mini cikin mamaki, "Shin kun san sabbin kayan da muke sha'awar a yanzu? Wataƙila ba za ku yarda ba - foda ne da ke kama da yashi kore." Ganin yadda na rikice, ya yi murmushi ya ƙara da cewa, "Foda mai launin kore na silicon carbide, kun ji labarinsa? Wannan abu zai iya haifar da ƙaramin sauyi a fannin sararin samaniya.” Gaskiya ne, da farko na yi shakka: ta yaya wannan kayan gogewa da ake amfani da shi a cikin tayoyin niƙa da faifan yankewa zai iya alaƙa da masana'antar sararin samaniya mai hazaka? Amma kamar yadda ya ƙara bayani, na fahimci akwai abubuwa da yawa a ciki fiye da yadda na zata. A yau, bari mu yi magana game da wannan batu.
I. Sanin Wannan "Abubuwan Alkawari"
Koren silicon carbide a zahiri wani nau'in silicon carbide ne (SiC). Idan aka kwatanta da baƙin silicon carbide na yau da kullun, yana da tsarki mafi girma da ƙarancin ƙazanta, don haka launinsa na musamman kore ne. Dangane da dalilin da ya sa yake "ƙananan foda," yana nufin ƙaramin girman barbashi, yawanci tsakanin 'yan micrometers da goma na micrometers - kusan kashi ɗaya cikin goma zuwa rabin diamita na gashin ɗan adam. "Kada ku bari amfaninsa a yanzu a masana'antar gogewa ya ruɗe ku," in ji abokin ajina, "a zahiri yana da kyawawan halaye: babban tauri, juriya mai zafi, kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, da ƙarancin faɗuwar zafi. Waɗannan halaye an yi su ne musamman don filin sararin samaniya."
Daga baya, na yi wasu bincike kuma na gano cewa wannan gaskiya ne. Taurin silikon kore carbide shine na biyu bayan lu'u-lu'u da nitride mai siffar cubic boron; a cikin iska, yana iya jure yanayin zafi mai yawa na kusan 1600°C ba tare da oxidizing ba; kuma yawan faɗaɗa zafi yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku kawai na ƙarfe na yau da kullun. Waɗannan lambobi na iya zama kamar sun ɗan bushe, amma a fagen sararin samaniya, inda buƙatun aikin abu suke da tsauri sosai, kowane siga na iya kawo babban ƙima.
II. Rage Nauyi: Neman Jiragen Sama na Har Abada
"Ga fannin sararin samaniya, rage nauyi koyaushe shine mabuɗin,"sararin samaniyainjiniya ya gaya mini. "Kowace kilogiram na nauyi da aka adana zai iya adana mai mai yawa ko ƙara yawan nauyin." Kayan ƙarfe na gargajiya sun riga sun kai iyakarsu dangane da rage nauyi, don haka hankalin kowa ya koma ga kayan yumbu. Haɗaɗɗun matrix na yumbu masu ƙarfi na silicon carbide na kore suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu nasara. Waɗannan kayan galibi suna da yawa na gram 3.0-3.2 kawai a kowace santimita mai siffar cubic, wanda ya fi sauƙi fiye da ƙarfe (gram 7.8 a kowace santimita mai siffar cubic) kuma yana ba da fa'ida bayyananne fiye da ƙarfe na titanium (gram 4.5 a kowace santimita mai siffar cubic). Mafi mahimmanci, yana riƙe da isasshen ƙarfi yayin da yake rage nauyi.
"Muna bincike kan amfani da kayan haɗin silicon mai kore don gyaran injin," in ji wani mai ƙira a cikin injinan sararin samaniya. "Idan muka yi amfani da kayan gargajiya, wannan kayan zai ɗauki nauyin kilogiram 200, amma tare da sabon kayan haɗin, ana iya rage shi zuwa kusan kilogiram 130. Ga dukkan injin, wannan rage nauyin kilogiram 70 yana da mahimmanci." Mafi kyau ma, tasirin rage nauyi yana raguwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin masu sauƙi suna ba da damar rage nauyi daidai a cikin tsarin tallafi, kamar tasirin domino. Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin sararin samaniya, rage nauyin kayan haɗin gini na kilogiram 1 a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da raguwar nauyin matakin tsarin na kilogiram 5-10.
III. Juriyar Zazzabi Mai Tsayi: "Mai Daidaitawa" a cikin Injina
Yanayin zafin aiki na injunan aero yana ƙaruwa koyaushe; injunan turbofan masu ci gaba yanzu suna da yanayin shigar turbine sama da 1700°C. A wannan zafin, har ma da yawan ƙarfe masu zafi suna fara lalacewa. "Abubuwan da ke cikin injin suna matsawa iyakokin aikin kayan," in ji abokin karatuna daga cibiyar bincike. "Muna buƙatar kayan aiki cikin gaggawa waɗanda za su iya aiki da kyau a yanayin zafi mafi girma." Haɗaɗɗun silicon carbide masu kore na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan fanni. Tsarkakken silicon carbide na iya jure yanayin zafi sama da 2500°C a cikin yanayi mara aiki, kodayake a cikin iska, iskar shaka tana iyakance amfani da shi zuwa kusan 1600°C. Duk da haka, wannan har yanzu yana da 300-400°C sama da yawancin ƙarfe masu zafi mai zafi.
Mafi mahimmanci, yana riƙe da ƙarfi mai yawa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. "Kayan ƙarfe suna 'laushi' a yanayin zafi mai yawa, suna nuna raguwa mai yawa," in ji wani injiniyan gwajin kayan aiki. "Amma haɗin silicon carbide na iya kiyaye fiye da kashi 70% na ƙarfin zafin ɗakinsu a 1200°C, wanda yake da matuƙar wahala ga kayan ƙarfe su cimma." A halin yanzu, wasu cibiyoyin bincike suna ƙoƙarin amfani da shi.kore silicon carbidehada-hadar don ƙera abubuwan da ba sa juyawa kamar bututun jagora na bututun ƙarfe da layukan ɗakin ƙonewa. Idan an yi nasarar aiwatar da waɗannan aikace-aikacen, ana sa ran ƙarfafawa da ingancin injuna za su inganta. IV. Gudanar da Zafi: Yin "Biyayya" ga Zafi
Motocin sararin samaniya suna fuskantar yanayi mai zafi sosai a sararin samaniya: gefen da ke fuskantar rana zai iya wuce 100°C, yayin da gefen da ke da inuwa zai iya faɗuwa ƙasa da -100°C. Wannan babban bambancin zafin jiki yana haifar da ƙalubale mai tsanani ga kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Carbide mai launin kore na silicon yana da halaye masu kyau sosai - kyakkyawan yanayin zafi. Lantarkin zafinsa ya ninka na ƙarfe na yau da kullun sau 1.5-3 kuma ya ninka na kayan yumbu na yau da kullun sau 10. Wannan yana nufin yana iya canja wurin zafi da sauri daga wurare masu zafi zuwa wurare masu sanyi, yana rage yawan zafi da ake samu a wurare daban-daban. "Muna la'akari da amfani da haɗin silicon mai launin kore a cikin tsarin sarrafa zafi na tauraron dan adam," in ji wani mai ƙira a sararin samaniya, "misali, a matsayin murfin bututun zafi ko azaman substrates mai sarrafa zafi, don sanya zafin tsarin gaba ɗaya ya zama iri ɗaya."
Bugu da ƙari, ma'aunin faɗaɗa zafinsa ƙanƙanta ne, kusan 4×10⁻⁶/℃ kawai, wanda shine kusan kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na ƙarfen aluminum. Girmansa bai canza ba tare da canje-canjen zafin jiki, wata siffa da ke da matuƙar muhimmanci a tsarin gani na sararin samaniya da tsarin eriya da ke buƙatar daidaito daidai. "Ka yi tunanin," mai ƙira ya ba da misali, "babban eriya da ke aiki a cikin kewaya, tare da bambancin zafin jiki na ɗaruruwan digiri Celsius tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke fuskantar rana da inuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da kayan gargajiya, faɗaɗa zafi da matsewa na iya haifar da nakasar tsari, wanda ke shafar daidaiton nuni. Idan aka yi amfani da kayan haɗin silicon carbide kore mai ƙarancin faɗaɗawa, wannan matsalar za a iya rage ta sosai."
V. SIRRI DA KAREWA: Fiye da "Jurewa" Kawai
Motocin sararin samaniya na zamani suna da buƙatar aiki mai yawa. Ana samun ɓoyewar radar ta hanyar ƙira da kayan shaƙa radar, kuma carbide mai launin kore na silicon shi ma yana da ƙarfin sarrafawa a wannan fanni. "Tsarkakken carbide na silicon semiconductor ne, kuma ana iya daidaita halayen wutar lantarki ta hanyar yin amfani da doping," in ji wani ƙwararre kan kayan aiki. "Za mu iya tsara kayan haɗin silicon carbide tare da takamaiman juriya don shaƙar raƙuman radar a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon mita." Kodayake wannan fanni har yanzu yana cikin matakin bincike, wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje sun riga sun samar da samfuran kayan haɗin silicon carbide tare da kyakkyawan aikin shaƙa radar a cikin X-band (8-12 GHz).
Dangane da kariyar sararin samaniya, fa'idar taurin kaikore silicon carbideHaka kuma a bayyane yake. Akwai adadi mai yawa na micrometeoroids da tarkacen sarari a sararin samaniya. Duk da cewa nauyin kowannensu ƙanƙanta ne, saurinsu yana da matuƙar girma (har zuwa kilomita goma a kowace daƙiƙa), wanda ke haifar da kuzari mai yawa. "Gwaje-gwajenmu sun nuna cewa kayan haɗin silicon carbide kore suna da juriya sau 3-5 ga tasirin barbashi mai sauri idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe aluminum na kauri ɗaya," in ji wani mai bincike kan kariyar sararin samaniya. "Idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yadudduka masu kariya na tashoshin sararin samaniya ko binciken sararin samaniya mai zurfi a nan gaba, zai iya inganta aminci sosai."
Tarihin ci gaban sararin samaniya, a wata ma'ana, tarihin ci gaban abu ne. Daga itace da zane zuwa ƙarfen aluminum, sannan zuwa ƙarfen titanium da kayan haɗin gwiwa, kowace ƙirƙira ta haifar da ci gaba a cikin aikin jirgin sama. Wataƙila foda mai launin kore na silicon carbide da kayan haɗin gwiwarsa za su zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke motsa jirgin sama don ci gaba na gaba. Waɗannan masana kimiyyar kayan aiki waɗanda ke bincike da himma a dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma ƙoƙarin samun ƙwarewa a masana'antu na iya canza makomar sararin samaniya a hankali. Kuma carbide mai launin kore na silicon, wannan kayan da aka yi kama da na yau da kullun, na iya zama "foda mai sihiri" a hannunsu, yana taimaka wa ɗan adam ya tashi sama, nesa, da aminci.